Justice according to Plato & Socrates

Socrates, as depicted primarily in Plato's dialogues, explores the concept of justice extensively, especially in "The Republic." Here, justice is discussed not just as a personal virtue but as a fundamental principle for the organization of society.

1. Individual Justice: Socrates suggests that justice in the individual is a harmony among the three parts of the soul: the rational, the spirited, and the appetitive. The rational part seeks truth and is responsible for philosophical thought, the spirited part is the source of honor and anger, and the appetitive part handles desires and bodily needs. Justice occurs when the rational part governs, the spirited part supports this rule, and the appetitive part submits to the governance of reason. This internal order leads to a balanced and virtuous individual.

2. Social Justice: In the context of the state, Socrates extends this tripartite theory. He proposes that an ideal state should have three classes corresponding to the parts of the soul: rulers (guardians), who are wise and rational; auxiliaries, who are courageous and spirited; and producers, who manage the appetitive aspects of society, such as trade and commerce. Justice in the state occurs when each class performs its appropriate function without interfering with the others, and when the rulers govern wisely.

3. Justice as Virtue: Socrates also links justice closely with other virtues like wisdom, courage, and moderation. He argues that a just person is one who has a well-ordered soul and thus is virtuous. This virtue is not only ethical but also contributes to the person's happiness and well-being.

4. Justice and the Good Life: Ultimately, Socrates believes that living justly is intrinsically tied to living well. A just life leads to a good life, not because of external rewards but because justice itself is a state of harmony and health of the soul.

Socrates' discussions on justice are complex and deeply interwoven with his ideas about ethics, politics, and the nature of the human soul. His exploration aims to define justice in a way that is both personally fulfilling and conducive to the common good of society.